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--- wiki:pulse-tube_dr [2022/01/26 18:44]
henri.godfrin@neel.cnrs.fr
+++ wiki:pulse-tube_dr [2022/11/12 20:47] (current)
henri.godfrin@neel.cnrs.fr
@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 ==== First machines ====
-The first machines were developed in the late 90's in several research and industrial environments, when efficient pulse-tube cryocoolers became available.
+The first pulse-tube pre-cooled dilution units were developed simultaneously in Japan, Germany and France in the late 90's, in research and industrial environments, when efficient pulse-tube cryocoolers became available.
 === Koike's Lab ===
-A 41 mK hybrid refrigerator (Gifford - McMahon and pulse-tube, with the pulse-tube as 4K stage.
+A 41 mK hybrid refrigerator (Gifford - McMahon and pulse-tube) was built very early in Japan. The pulse-tube was used as 4K stage, making this machine a genuine pulse-tube based dilution unit. The performance was poor, however, due to the Gifford - McMahon high temperature stage.
-  * A dilution refrigerator using the pulse tube and GM hybrid cryocooler for neutron scattering, Y. Koike, Y. Morii, T. Igarashi, M. Kubota, Y. Hiresaki, K. Tanida, Cryogenics 39 (1999) 579-583,  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-2275(99)00077-6
+  * A dilution refrigerator using the pulse tube and GM hybrid cryocooler for neutron scattering, Y. Koike, Y. Morii, T. Igarashi, M. Kubota, Y. Hiresaki, K. Tanida, Cryogenics 39 (1999) 579-583, [[https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-2275(99)00077-6]]
 === Uhlig's Lab ===
-The first refrigerator reached 15 mK with a continuous heat exchanger (2002). The model with a double mixing-chamber reached 4.3 mK (2004). Adding step heat exchangers allowed reaching T<10 mK (2012):
+Kurt Uhlig, in Garching, developed several machines of increasing performance. The first refrigerator reached 15 mK with a continuous heat exchanger (2002). A new model with a double mixing-chamber reached 4.3 mK (2004). A different machine with step heat exchangers allowed reaching T<10 mK (2012):
-  * 3He/4He dilution refrigerator with pulse-tube refrigerator precooling, Kurt Uhlig, Cryogenics 42 (2002) 73–77, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-2275(02)00002-4
+  * 3He/4He dilution refrigerator with pulse-tube refrigerator precooling, Kurt Uhlig, Cryogenics 42 (2002) 73–77, [[https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-2275(02)00002-4]]
-  * “Dry” dilution refrigerator with pulse-tube precooling, Kurt Uhlig, Cryogenics 44 (2004) 53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2003.07.007
+  * “Dry” dilution refrigerator with pulse-tube precooling, Kurt Uhlig, Cryogenics 44 (2004) 53, [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2003.07.007]]
-  * Cryogen-free dilution refrigerators, K Uhlig 2012, Journal of Physics:ConferenceSeries 400 (2012) 052039 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/400/5/052039
+  * Cryogen-free dilution refrigerators, K Uhlig 2012, Journal of Physics:Conference Series 400 (2012) 052039 [[https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/400/5/052039]]
 === Godfrin's Lab ===
-A commercial pulse-tube dilution refrigerator was developed by H. Godfrin and Ch. Gianèse (CNRS) and the company l'Air Liquide in 1999. The first commercial machine was delivered to A. Giuliani (Cuoricino experiment) in 2003. With  4 heat exchangers, it had a working temperature well below 8.5 mK. Because of industrial agreements, details were published later.
+{{ pt-dr1.jpg?270|PT-DR1 Source: Godfrin & Gianese/Air Liquide}}
-  * Pulse-tube dilution refrigeration below 10 millikelvins, T. Prouvé, H. Godfrin, C. Gianèse, S. Triqueneaux, A. Ravex, J. of  Low Temp. Phys. 148 (5-6), 909-914 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-007-9450-6
+A commercial pulse-tube dilution refrigerator was developed in 1999 in Grenoble (France) by H. Godfrin and Ch. Gianèse (CNRS) and the company l'Air Liquide. The first commercial machine (PT-DR1, picture on the right) was delivered to A. Giuliani (Cuoricino experiment) in 2003. With 4 sintered silver heat exchangers, the refrigerator had a base temperature of 5 mK. Because of patents and industrial know-how agreements, details were published later:
-  * Pulse-tube dilution refrigeration below 10 mK for Astrophysics; T. Prouvé, H. Godfrin, C. Gianèse,  S. Triqueneaux, A. Ravex, J. of  Low Temp. Phys. 151, 640-644 (2008), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-008-9725-6
+  * Pulse-tube dilution refrigeration below 10 millikelvins, T. Prouvé, H. Godfrin, C. Gianèse, S. Triqueneaux, A. Ravex, J. of  Low Temp. Phys. 148 (5-6), 909-914 (2007) [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-007-9450-6]]
-  * Experimental results on the free cooling power available on 4K pulse tube coolers, T. Prouvé, H. Godfrin, C. Gianèse, S. Triqueneaux, A. Ravex, J. of  Phys. : Conference Series 150, 012038 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/150/1/012038
+  * Pulse-tube dilution refrigeration below 10 mK for Astrophysics; T. Prouvé, H. Godfrin, C. Gianèse,  S. Triqueneaux, A. Ravex, J. of  Low Temp. Phys. 151, 640-644 (2008), [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-008-9725-6]]
+  * Experimental results on the free cooling power available on 4K pulse tube coolers, T. Prouvé, H. Godfrin, C. Gianèse, S. Triqueneaux, A. Ravex, J. of  Phys. : Conference Series 150, 012038 (2009). [[https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/150/1/012038]]  (Air Liquide, U.S. Patent 6,915,642; CNRS-Air Liquide French Patent FR07 53945)
+  * Développement d'un réfrigérateur à dilution prérefroidi par un tube à gaz pulsé, Thomas Prouvé, PhD Thesis, Grenoble (2007) [[https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00201891]]
+The cryostats PT-DR1 (industrial version version delivered in 2003), PT-DR2 (2007, version presented at the Industrial Exhibition of LT25, Amsterdam, 2008), and PT-DR4 (Pulse-tube dilution for neutron scattering, 2021 version shown):
+ {{pt-dr1-godfrin.png?300|PT-DR1 2003 version. Source: Godfrin & Gianese/Air Liquide}}
+{{PT-DR2-Godfrin-Air_Liquide.jpg?250|PT-DR2  2007 version. Source: Godfrin & Gianese/Air Liquide}}
+{{PT-DR4-Godfrin.png?187|PT-DR4. Source: Godfrin & Triqueneaux}}

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